Physics5 min read
Strain Percentage: How Much a Material Stretches
A 500 mm bar that stretches by 2 mm has a strain of 0.004, or 0.4%. Learn the formula, the unit-free trick and how strain differs from percentage change.
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- Physics5 min read
Stress in a Rod: Axial Force Over Cross-Section
A rod pulled by 12,000 N with a 300 mm² cross-section carries 40 MPa of axial stress. See the σ = F ÷ A formula, unit shortcuts and the limits.
- Physics5 min read
Wave Speed Formula: v = f × λ with Examples
Wave speed v = f × λ. A 20 Hz wave with a 3 m wavelength travels at 60 m/s, and at a fixed speed doubling the frequency halves the wavelength.
- Physics5 min read
Young's Modulus From Stress and Strain: E = σ ÷ ε
A bar under 200 MPa that strains by 0.001 has E = 200 ÷ 0.001 = 200,000 MPa, or 200 GPa, the stiffness of steel. See the steps and typical values.
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